Sunday, January 29, 2023
 ruled the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. In her lifetime, she was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states, 15 at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the longest in history for a female head of state.As the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth), Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London. As a result of the abdication of her brother, King Edward VIII, her father acceded to the throne in 1936, making Elizabeth the heir presumptive to the throne. Her education was private at home, and during the Second World War, she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. Her marriage to Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, lasted 73 years until his death in April 2021. A total of four children were born to them: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.In February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25, became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Through major political changes, such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, decolonization of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union, Elizabeth ruled as a constitutional monarch. Due to the independence of territories and the creation of republics, the number of her realms changed over time. Her many historic visits and meetings include state visits to China in 1986, Russia in 1994, and Ireland in 2011, as well as meetings with five popes.Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022 were notable events. In world history, Elizabeth II was the second-longest reigning sovereign behind Louis XIV of France. After the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and Diana's death in 1997, she encountered occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family. Her personal popularity remained high, as did support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom. After Elizabeth died at Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, her eldest son, Charles III, succeeded her.){kind=link}
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