Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction (PTSD) – The American Institute of Stress

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Definition

Put up-traumatic stress dysfunction (PTSD) can develop after publicity to a doubtlessly traumatic occasion that’s past a typical stressor. Occasions that will result in PTSD embody, however aren’t restricted to, violent private assaults, pure or human-caused disasters, accidents, fight, and different types of violence. Publicity to occasions like these is widespread. About one-half of all U.S. adults will expertise a minimum of one traumatic occasion of their lives, however most don’t develop PTSD. Individuals who expertise PTSD might have persistent, scary ideas and recollections of the occasion(s), expertise sleep issues, really feel indifferent or numb or could also be simply startled. In extreme varieties, PTSD can considerably impair an individual’s capability to perform at work, at dwelling, and socially.

Further details about PTSD might be discovered on the NIMH Well being Matters web page on Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction.

Prevalence of Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction Amongst Adults

  • Based mostly on diagnostic interview information from Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Determine 1 reveals the past-year prevalence of PTSD amongst U.S. adults aged 18 or older.1  
    • An estimated 3.6% of U.S. adults had PTSD previously yr.
    • Previous yr prevalence of PTSD amongst adults was increased for females (5.2%) than for males (1.8%).
  • The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 6.8%.2

Determine 1

PercentPast Yr Prevalence of Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction Amongst Adults(2001-2003)

Information from Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction with Impairment Amongst Adults

  • Of adults with PTSD previously yr, diploma of impairment ranged from delicate to severe, as proven in Determine 2. Impairment was decided by scores on the Sheehan Incapacity Scale.3
  • Impairment was distributed evenly amongst adults with PTSD. An estimated 36.6% had a severe impairment, 33.1% had a reasonable impairment, and 30.2% had delicate impairment

Determine 2

Previous Yr Severity of Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction Amongst U.S. Adults(2001-2003)

Information from Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

Prevalence of Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction Amongst Adolescents

  • Based mostly on diagnostic interview information from Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Complement (NCS-A), Determine 3 reveals the lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst U.S. adolescents aged 13-18.4
    • An estimated 5.0% of adolescents had PTSD, and an estimated 1.5% had extreme impairment. Diagnostic and Statistical Handbook of Psychological Problems, Fourth Version (DSM-IV) standards have been used to find out impairment.
    • The prevalence of PTSD amongst adolescents was increased for females (8.0%) than for males (2.3%).

Determine 3

PercentLifetime Prevalence of Put up-Traumatic Stress Dysfunction Amongst Adolescents(2001-2004)

Information from the Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Complement (NCS-A)

Information Sources

References

  1. Harvard Medical Faculty, 2007. Nationwide Comorbidity Survey (NCS). (2017, August 21). Retrieved from https://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/index.php. Information Desk 2: 12-month prevalence DSM-IV/WMH-CIDI problems by intercourse and cohort.
  2. Harvard Medical Faculty, 2007. Nationwide Comorbidity Survey (NCS). (2017, August 21). Retrieved from https://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/index.php. Information Desk 1: Lifetime prevalence DSM-IV/WMH-CIDI problems by intercourse and cohort.
  3. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV problems within the Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;62(6):617-27. PMID: 15939839
  4. Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, Benjet C, Georgiades Ok, Swendsen J. Lifetime prevalence of psychological problems in U.S. adolescents: outcomes from the Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Complement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Baby Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;49(10):980-9. PMID: 20855043

Statistical Strategies and Measurement Caveats

Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

Diagnostic Evaluation and Inhabitants:

  • The NCS-R is a nationally consultant, face-to-face, family survey carried out between February 2001 and April 2003 with a response fee of 70.9%. DSM-IV psychological problems have been assessed utilizing a modified model of the totally structured World Well being Group Composite Worldwide Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a totally structured lay-administered diagnostic interview that generates each Worldwide Classification of Illnesses, 10th Revision, and DSM-IV diagnoses. The DSM-IV standards have been used right here. The Sheehan Incapacity Scale (SDS) assessed incapacity in work position efficiency, family upkeep, social life, and intimate relationships on a 0–10 scale. Members for the principle interview totaled 9,282 English-speaking, non-institutionalized, civilian respondents. Put up-traumatic stress dysfunction (PTSD) was assessed in a subsample of 5,692 adults. The NCS-R was led by Harvard College.
  • In contrast to the DSM-IV standards used within the NCS-R and NCS-A, the present DSM-5 not locations PTSD within the anxiousness dysfunction class. It’s listed in a brand new DSM-5 class, Trauma- and Stressor-Associated Problems.

Survey Non-response:

  • In 2001-2002, non-response was 29.1% of main respondents and 19.6% of secondary respondents.
  • Causes for non-response to interviewing embody: refusal to take part (7.3% of main, 6.3% of secondary); respondent was reluctant- too busy however didn’t refuse (17.7% of main, 11.6% of secondary); circumstantial, comparable to mental developmental incapacity or abroad work task (2.0% of main, 1.7% of secondary); and family items that have been by no means contacted (2.0).
  • For extra info, see PMID: 15297905 and the NIMH NCS-R examine web page.

Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Complement (NCS-A)

Diagnostic Evaluation and Inhabitants:

  • The NCS-A was carried out below a cooperative settlement sponsored by NIMH to fulfill a request from Congress to offer nationwide information on the prevalence and correlates of psychological problems amongst U.S. youth. The NCS-A was a nationally consultant, face-to-face survey of 10,123 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years within the continental United States. The survey was based mostly on a dual-frame design that included 904 adolescent residents of the households that participated within the grownup U.S. Nationwide Comorbidity Survey Replication and 9,244 adolescent college students chosen from a nationally consultant pattern of 320 colleges. The survey was fielded between February 2001 and January 2004. DSM-IV psychological problems have been assessed utilizing a modified model of the totally structured World Well being Group Composite Worldwide Diagnostic Interview.

Survey Non-response:

  • The general adolescent non-response fee was 24.4%. That is made up of non-response charges of 14.1% within the family pattern, 18.2% within the un-blinded faculty pattern, and 77.7% within the blinded faculty pattern. Non-response was largely attributable to refusal (21.3%), which within the family and un-blinded faculty samples got here largely from mother and father relatively than adolescents (72.3% and 81.0%, respectively). The refusals within the blinded faculty pattern, compared, got here virtually fully (98.1%) from mother and father failing to return the signed consent postcard.
  • For extra info, see PMID: 19507169 and the NIMH NCS-A examine web page.

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